Bladder cancer diagnosis and management rely on cystoscopy, imaging, and risk stratification to distinguish non–muscle invasive from muscle-invasive disease. Dr. Jose Silva and Dr. Alberto Pieretti discuss key risk factors such as smoking, chemical exposures, and genetic syndromes like Lynch syndrome, as well as the importance of thorough tumor resection and appropriate surveillance. The conversation also highlights limitations of urine cytology and the role of intravesical therapy in high-risk disease. Emerging research in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) may soon change how clinicians monitor and personalize treatment for bladder cancer.
Contributors:
Dr. Jose Silva is a board certified urologist practicing in Central Florida.
Dr. Alberto Pieretti is a urologic oncologist at Cleveland Clinic Weston Hospital in Parkland, Florida.
